Grief Paper

TBaggett-Grief paper-unit8 Tina Baggett Kaplan University TBaggett-Grief paper-unit8 According to Hockenberry & Wilson (Hockenberry & Wilson, 2007, p. 139), there are four phases of grief and mourning. The first phase of grief is disbelief or denial. There is a feeling of dullness or having an â€Å"out of body† experience. At this time, one goes into the second phase. The second phase is overwhelming need to be with the deceased. These phases can last minutes or days. The third phase is a feeling of hopelessness and scattered thought processes.The person in this phase is usually despondent and may retreat to a void within oneself. Sometimes they feel in this phase that life has no meaning without the deceased at their side. The last phase is â€Å"reorganization, when the person begins to again find meaning in life, integrating the loss of the loved one into a renewed sense of normalcy† (Wacker-Guido, 2010, p. 139). There are four kinds of grief. The first type of grie f is disenfranchised grief; this is the result of a loss for which they do not have a socially recognized right, role or capacity to grieve.These socially ambiguous losses cannot be openly mourned, or socially supported. Essentially, this is grief that is restricted by â€Å"grieving rules† ascribed by the culture and society. The bereaved may not publicly grieve because, somehow, some element or elements of the loss prevent a public recognition. Disenfranchised grief occurs in three primary ways. The first way is the relationship is not socially recognized. The relationship is not based on recognizable kin ties (the death of a friend), or socially sanctioned, (a partner in a gay or lesbian relationship), the relationship exists primarily in the past (ex-spouse).The second way is that the loss is not socially recognized or is hidden from others. Not socially recognized losses include perinatal losses. Hidden losses include abortion, the loss of pet, and losses that result fro m causes other than death. The third way that disenfranchised grief may occur is where circumstances of the death or deaths that contribute to stigma and negative judgment by others. Forms of death that would fall into this category include suicide, abortion, death as a result of AIDS, and fatal drug overdose are all examples of this type of disenfranchisement.The second kind of grief is anticipatory grief. Anticipatory grief can be described as the normal mourning that occurs when a patient or family is expecting a death. Anticipatory grief has many of the same symptoms as those experienced after a death has occurred. It includes all of the thinking, feeling, cultural, and social reactions to an expected death that are felt by the patient and family. Anticipatory grief includes  depression, extreme concern for the dying person, preparing for the death, and adjusting to changes caused by the death.Anticipatory grief gives the family and friends more time to slowly get used to the reality of the loss. People are able to complete unfinished business with the dying person for example, saying â€Å"good-bye,† â€Å"I love you,† or â€Å"I forgive you†. Anticipatory grief may not always occur. Anticipatory grief does not mean that before the death, a person feels the same kind of grief as the grief felt after a death. There is not a set amount of grief that a person will feel. The grief experienced before a death does not make the grief after the death last a shorter amount of time. Some people believe that anticipatory grief is rare.To accept a loved one's death while he or she is still alive may leave the mourner feeling that the dying patient has been abandoned. Expecting the loss often makes the attachment to the dying person stronger. The third kind of grief is complicated grief. â€Å"Complicated grief is an intense and long-lasting form of grief that takes over a person’s life. It is natural to experience acute grief after some one close dies, but complicated grief is different. Complicated grief is a form of grief that takes hold of a person’s mind and won’t let go. People with complicated grief often say that they feel â€Å"stuck. †Ã‚  (â€Å"Complicated Grief†).The term complicated sometimes is referred to a factor that grief interferes with the natural healing process. There are many people that get stuck in this type of grief. The last type of grief includes the normal type of grief. In this normal type, the four phases of the grief process will occur. Whenever someone in your life passes away no one knows how you will respond or what kind of grief you will go through. This is how it happened with my friend Linda. When you get that phone call and someone at the end of the phone gives you news that you wish that you never had to hear is the most devastating event that can occur in one’s lifetime.My friend Linda received this phone call fifteen years ago. The caller l et her know that her son was involved in a single shooting accident and that he was found dead with a note next to him. After talking with Linda, I cannot imagine the pain that she had to go through. Knowing you lost someone in your family is one thing but losing a child that you brought into the world is another thing. Linda went through all stages of grief. She stated that when she went through the third stage she stayed in the third phase a long time. She stated that she cooked and cleaned and was in a â€Å"fog†.She said she cooked for days and threw food away. She did not know what to do with her time. Being a nurse, I knew she needed to be able to talk and vent. She stated she could not talk to anyone because in her religion it was known to be a sin to have committed suicide and therefore she dealt with this guilt on her own. After reviewing what disenfranchised grief is, I recognized my friend Linda. I also recognized that because of the stigma of suicide this was a ba rrier in the normal process of grieving. There may be different reasons for a barrier to occur.My dad went through a different kind of grieving process. My mom passed away after being on hospice for many months. The hospice nurse explained to all of us the stages of death and the stages of the grieving process. This led us through a positive grieving process. He went through the anticipatory grieving process. He planned the funeral; he said his goodbyes before she passed. He grieved for months. After my mom did pass away he grieved all over again. I grieved before my mom passed away and when she finally did pass, it took me seven months for the grieving to start again after she actually passed away.I felt guilty when I did not grieve when she died. I went into automation mode. I made the plans, I made sure the family was ok and I did not even shed a tear. This was my barrier. I needed to be the nurse and make sure everyone else was cared for. Seven months later, I had waterfalls of tears, and I went into a deep depression. This was a negative coping mechanism. The depression had to be treated clinically and therefore showed negative coping. It is strange how different people grieve. It is also strange knowing the right way to grieve and the wrong way to grieve.This scenario goes to show that no matter what your knowledge base is, it is how you react when it happens to you, or how you respond as a nurse to someone else. References Doka, K. (2012). Disenfranchised Grief. Retrieved from www. researchpress. com/sites/default/files/books/addContent/5160. PDF Hockenberry, M. , ; Wilson, D. (2007). Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Childrens, St Louis: Mosby Elsevier Wacker-Guido, G. (2010). Nursing Care at the End of Life. , 139, Boston, MA: Prentice Hall What is Complicated Grief, Retrieved from www. complicatedgrief. org/bereavement

Financial Statements Essay

2. Review the Financial Statements: Income Statement from the Accounting and Bookkeeping lesson under the Business Finance section of this course. Use the information from the example income statement for Jamie’s Bead Jewelry to answer the questions below. a. What are the two sources of revenue for the company? (0.5 points) b. What is the company’s total revenue? (0.5 points) c. What is the company’s net profit? (0.5 points) d. Is the company experiencing a profit, or a loss? (0.5 points) 3. Review the Financial Statements: Balance Sheet from the Accounting and Bookkeeping lesson under the Business Finance section of this course. Use the information from the example balance sheet for Jamie’s Bead Jewelry to answer the questions below. a. What is the value of the company’s assets? (0.5 points) b. What is the total of the company’s liabilities? (0.5 points) c. What is the total owner equity? (0.5 points) 4. Calculate the following financial ratios. TIP: If you don’t remember how to calculate financial ratios, review the Calculating Financial Ratio pages from the Accounting and Bookkeeping lesson under the Business Finance section of this course. a. A company makes a net profit before tax of $12,000 and has $20,000 in total equity. Calculate the company’s return on equity as a percentage. (0.5 points) b. A company makes a net profit before tax of $5,000 and has total assets with a value of $10,000. Calculate the company’s return on assets as a percentage. (0.5 points) c. A company has $1,400 in liabilities and $1,500 in assets. Calculate the company’s debt ratio as a percentage. (0.5 points) d. A company has $1,400 in liabilities and $1,500 in equity. Calculate the company’s debt to equity ratio as a percentage. (0.5 points) e. A company’s current assets are $30,000 and current liabilities are $19,000. Calculate the company’s current ratio as a percentage. Does the company have enough assets to pay its liabilities? (1.0 points)

Hospitality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Hospitality Management - Essay Example As the discussion declares milk as animal products was fermented under natural conditions which resulted to sour milk products with acidity. The development of milk processes developed into natural preparation of yoghurt and cottage cheese. Over the years, the preparation of milk products has developed including coagulation of milk protein. This led to the need for preservation of milk products so that they would be stored for relatively long without spoiling. The intuition and creativity of man in the ancient times led to the innovation of various preservation techniques. These included storage of milk products in cellars and caves, salting and control of humidity. Nonetheless, processes such as salting changed the taste of the food products a challenge which motivated more innovation in food preservation. This paper stresses that developments such as dehydration and molding illustrate endeavors in the preservation of cheese products. These developments paved way for the modern introduction of various chemicals for the preservation of cheese and other milk products. The invention of refrigeration is a significant development in the food industry in general which also enabled cheese to be stored for a long time without decay. The use of various chemicals in food preservation has led to long shelve life of cheese. The most significant developments in cheese production include the possibilities which have enabled producers to maintain the flavor, texture and taste of cheese for a long time and thus making it appealing to the consumers for a relatively long duration .

Economy and Infrastructure in South Africa Term Paper

Economy and Infrastructure in South Africa - Term Paper Example Similarly, the country’s GDP is continually increasing. In 2007, the country’s GDP rose by 5.1%. Analyzing the average income of the country reveals South Africa to be a moderately rich country with per capita GNP of US $5685 as per World Bank statement of fiscal year 2008. Thus, the country may be ranked as an upper-middle-income country. The South African economy is very much based on trade. More than 50% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated from trade. By adopting modern technologies for production purposes, the country’s products have become very competitive in the international market. The country’s exports mainly include minerals, agricultural produce, machinery, vehicles, electric appliances and chemical products. Gold is one of the most important exports of the country. However, the exports of other goods and services consist of one-fourth of the country’s total GDP generating from trade sector. Other minerals and chemicals contribute more than 30% towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) generating from this sector and the rest is contributed by other products such as tobacco, food, drinks as well as textiles. Imports consist of machines, chemicals and plastic products. The industry of South Africa is making up 40% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The industry sector includes quarrying and mining. The mining sector still plays an important part in the country’s economic progress. However, the country has lessened its economic reliance on mining and raw materials export, especially that of gold, over the few preceding years. The agriculture sector of the country, including forestry and fisheries, makes a very small contribution towards the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country which is only 5%. However, it should be noticed that mining and agriculture is relatively more important for the economy of South Africa than the GDP figures shows. The reason behind it is that the

Case Study No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648)

No. 1, McDonalds Senior Restaurant (p. 648) - Case Study Example of McDonald’s would not suffer as a result of this strategy since the senior citizens flock the restaurant in the morning when young customers do not usually come. Lisa should encourage senior citizens to come and enjoy their meals at McDonald’s. This is because the restaurant would not want to be famous for its discrimination against its customer based on their age. Also the senior customers usually leave before noon which is already a slow time for the restaurant. Lisa is getting a good opportunity for her slow time and should bank upon it. Since the senior customers spend as much as normal customers, she would not have to worry about generating profits and sales for the restaurant. Bingo games would be a suitable activity for senior citizens and would act as a promotional campaign to attract such customer (Clow and Baack, 2011). She could further use the idea of bingo game to her advantage. She could do this by allocating a special time for the bingo game, one when normal customers usually do not visit the restaurant. By doing this, Lisa would be ensuring that her senior customers prefer to come during this time and do not crowd the restaurant during the peak hours when young customers visit. Since young customers usually visit after noon, Lisa should not have to worry about crowding discouraging the young customers or that her restaurant would be labeled as ‘an old people’s

Future&Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Future&Innovation - Essay Example Packaged travel market by tour operators and online travel agency packages, 2000-2008 (US$B) 3 Figure 2: U.S. and U.K. total travel market and package travel share 2008 (US$B) 4 Figure 3: Forces affecting on Paradise Travels 7 Figure 4: The four P innovation space 9 Figure 5: Forces acting on Paradise Travels and the strategy to be adopted by the company to counter these forces 10 Figure 6: The process of innovation process for Paradise Travels 11 Figure 7: Framework for critical evaluation 14 Figure 8: Paradise Travels – location of high street shops 19 Figure 9: Adopting Shibata's problem solving model adapted to help solve Paradise Travels’ problems 21 Photo credit Cover page Image URL: http://www.wanderwoman.com/images/hiking_samaria_gorge.jpg Section 1: Industry Overview 1.1 Macroeconomic and environmental factors The impact of the global financial meltdown was also visible on the travel industry, and particularly on air travel and tour business. A large numbers of small players vanished from the tour operators’ radar during these years; more than 75 air travel and tour operators closed their shop within the past three years (Air Travel Insolvency Protection Advisory Committee, 2010, p.13). The industry is currently cruising through one of the most difficult times due to a number of macroeconomic and environmental factors. These are discussed as follows: 1.1.1 Environmental impact Eruption of the Eyjafjallajolkull volcano closed the UK airspace for six days and a considerable portion of EU airspace, causing flight delays and cancellations throughout the world (Air Travel Insolvency Protection Advisory Committee, 2010, p.6). This incident affected adversely on the consumer confidence as it was observed that immediately following the eruption, bookings dropped sharply (Air Travel Insolvency Protection Advisory Committee, 2010). 1.2 Issues faced by the industry Air Travel Insolvency Protection Advisory Committee (2010) listed some of the issues currently faced by the industry. These are discussed below: 1.2.1 Weak demand An offshoot of weak consumer confidence was seen directly on the weak demand it currently exerted on the industry. To regain consumer confidence is perhaps the most important issue the industry faced currently. 1.2.2 Weak sterling Once in their holiday destinations, weakness of Sterling had eroded the holiday makers spending powers; a trend noticed mostly in Eurozone holiday destinations. This affected adversely consumer perception as consumer expectations did not match the consumer experience. 1.2.3 Shifting away of holiday bookings Another alarming trend was shifting of bookings to traditional holiday destinati

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Article review - Essay Example ut strategic remedies, deep enough in scope not only to address the symptoms of basic problems, but those that help address keys issues at stake (O’Kane & Cunningham, 2013). From the article ‘Leadership Changes and Approaches During Company Turnaround’ by O’Kane and Cunningham, it is discernible that it is easy, in fact enjoyable to be a â€Å"good† leader in periods of institutional booms, yet complete different set of skills is required in times of crisis. Right in-between the application of the different set of skills is the tactical tradeoff between the long-term mindset with the ability to make and implement difficult decisions within prescribed time limits to prevent further deterioration, depending on the situation of an institution. Basically, leadership, irrespective of the size of an institution is all about the measures put in place to boost team efforts [morale] and more importantly, identifying problems and giving necessary guidance in confronting problems through regular, honest and credible communication. Additionally, clarity of every bit of communication around goals and objectives is an indispensible virtue t hat must be cultivated at all cost. Not a single individual aspire to be a failure. It must be noted, however, that success is worked for, and that without stepping up to the challenge of leadership, success becomes just but a mirage. Whether one likes it or not, responsibility begins with

Strategic role of Human Resource in business dicisions Essay

Strategic role of Human Resource in business dicisions - Essay Example The role of human resource in taking business decisions lies both in strategy formulation and implementation. However, strategy implementation is more significant and human resource has a great role to play in it because human resources are more flexible than organizational strategies (Sluijs, Klyutmans). Traditionally, Human Resource was considered to be an administrative department only with almost no role to play in business planning and decisions. Gradually, the function evolved and played its role in performance management, managerial development, competency mapping, succession planning, change management and business networking. Inputs from HR started being a part of business decisions. Today, administration and line management is only one of the roles of HR. Human Resource has evolved to become an essential component of management teams for decision making. Many of the line management tasks in Human Resource have become transactional in nature and are therefore controlled by information systems. For example, there are information systems for recruitment, Learning & Education, Employee benefits, Payroll, Performance management and Expenses. Therefore, the role of HR has been oriented more towards strategic planning and change management. The line management part of HR has been replaced by her which a company can even afford to outsource to an It organization or internal IT team but it is the strategic part where key inputs are required from Human Resource (Edward, 2001). Inclusion of Human Resource in strategic decision making leads to greater profitability of the firm. HR being a strategic partner ensures higher management support in training and education activities which leads to increased productivity and workforce engagement. HR can justify required fund allocation for various activities such as training, recruitment, increasing salaries and benefits. These activities help a firm in retaining existing talent,

Role of Managers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of Managers - Research Paper Example Different organizations have different management styles and organization cultures. There has been rapid innovation and changes in the field of management. The increasing technological changes and advancement along with whole new sets of concepts and working principles have made the task of management biggest challenge in today’s corporate world. FOUR JOB FUNCTIONS OF MANAGERS: The four job functions of managers are (Tripathi & Reddy, 2006): 1. Planning 2. Organizing 3. Leading 4. Controlling Planning: The first element of the management and job function of managers is planning. It is the duty or responsibility of the manager to plan and set the goals and targets for the organization. Along with this function of planning also includes strategies and methods about how the goals and targets will be achieve. Hence, the two most important and critical elements of the planning function are: setting up of goals and targets and implementing the planning about the aims and objectives. Organizing: The second job function or responsibility of the managers is organizing. The responsibility for the organization of the company is placed on the managers. This responsibility or duty includes the organization of all resources including people or human resource. ... Leading: It is important to understand that there is difference between management and leadership. The management is associated with only managing the employees, ensuring that whether the task has been done on the right time, and that all policies and rules are followed. On the other hand the process leadership involves motivating and encouraging employees to perform well. Along with this the leader guides the employees in order to achieve the targets and goals of the company. An effective and efficient manager is one who is also able to lead the employees along with managing them. For this purpose it is essential for the manager to identify elements which motivates and encourage the employees. Controlling: The last job function of the manager is controlling. It includes the process of monitoring and evaluating the overall performance of the organization. This function is necessary in order to ensure that the overall organization is on the right track and is working to accomplish the goals and targets. Apart from this it is also the responsibility of the manager to do cost versus benefits or performance analysis for different projects and activities undertaken by the organization. KEYS TO SUCCESSFULLY CARRY OUT MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES: In order to be able to successfully carry out and fulfill the duties and responsibilities associated with managers it is required to understand the process of management. The mangers should be competent enough to perform all the required tasks and job functions. Management is not an easy task, it involves different responsibilities including, planning, controlling, leading, organizing, staffing, and many more. Managers have to understand that the task of management is basically a balancing act in which one has to balance several

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay AbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can diminish the fuel consumption and green house gases production. Different types of electric hybrid powertrains are described Special attention is paid to electric power splitting. Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 production of one hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 10Ã'Ž 8 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 Total world production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto Protocol tries to estimate if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthÃ'Ž Expansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emission and fuel consumption. Hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard means giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard improving in many countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. A. Basic Drive Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE gear box GB battery traction motor TM BAT ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator ~ ~ generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. [1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called :†Slovenska Strela† and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on. But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† The ICE drives a DC generator which â€Å"stator† and rotor can rotate separately. The â€Å"stator† is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator â€Å"stator† and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefÃ'Ž Bozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. [5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15]. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 – 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of car’s performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in [15] [16]Ã'Ž Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333Ã'Ž 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second: Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13. 5% less CO2 . REFERENCES [1] V. Klima : Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 [2] J. Sousedik : Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. [3] J. Bilek: Electric drive of motor cars â€Å"Slovenska strela† (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu â€Å"Slovenska strela†). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. [4] J. Mierlo: Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. [5] Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus: Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 [6] T. Denton : Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. [7] Michael H. Wesbrook: The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London [9] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives. Proceedings of 8th International Conference â€Å"Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004†, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. [10] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. [11] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 [12] Zdenek,J. : „Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Designâ€Å". Proc. of XI. int. symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. [13] Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. : Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. [14] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous Generator with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 [15] Mildorf M. : Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. [16] Simkova L. : Mathematical model of hybrid car. Bachelor thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng.

Strategies for Environmental Sustainability

Strategies for Environmental Sustainability Environments consequences It is past time for all the people of every nation has to participate in the search for more sustainable communities. This effort is vital for the worldwide population so there will really be a planet for our kids and their kids to live in the future. An environment sustainable movement is recommended for every nation to have a real chance in returning earth into its natural balance. With the planet population becoming the more discriminating, factor each day, it will be critical to alter to the dwindling carrying limit of the planet. The worldwide population is in excess of seven billion individuals today, and the projections point to the overall increasing to between eight and ten and a half billion in the coming year 2050 (Dale, 2011). It must be central to be extremely adept in resident flight, trade and industry diversity and success, natural possibility, and the longing of people to live in such a sensible community. The major justification behind the anxiety is that natural re sources are coming to be scarce. Supposing that we were to examine the world’s health at present, what might we find? One might notice four worldwide developments that are especially unhealthy: (1) increasing populace development and its adverse impacts on human well-being, (2) a decline of indispensable ecosystem services, (3) the destructive impacts of worldwide climate change, and (4) a misfortune of biodiversity (Wright Boorse, 2011). Human over dependence on fossil fuel comes with a price and we are now beginning to see that the cost may be too much. Our planet clean water supply is dwelling fast due to the populace and the lack of seasonal rain in some areas due to global warming is not making thing better At our present rate this is undeniably unsustainable, worldwide climate change is glaring us square in the face because of this abuse. For these perilous reasons, the time is at present to start action. The creating of sustainable neighborhoods through green action t echniques, and a major decreasing of fossil fuel consumption is an elementary key for human endurance. The trepidations of human to continued fossil fuel usage; first we must identify what they are how they came to be, as well as where the consequence of their continue use. History tells us that before man stood on two feet millions of years ago, the dinosaurs walked the Earth, at that time, the planet had countless numbers of swamp areas, and abundant plants, and the ocean was full with algae. This time is known as the Carboniferous Period (Dale 2011). Dated between three hundred sixty (360) and two hundred eighty six (286) million years ago as its name suggests, the growth of carbon in living matter was a characteristic dominant of the period. When the vegetation perished, they derived to the lowest part of the swamps as well as oceans, where layers of peat were shaped (a tan, typically soggy material comprising at any rate in part of decayed vegetable matter). Those deposits were then held by sand in addition to more peat, and over time, it came to be progressively compacted. The e nsuing phase might be the mass of material crushing out the part of the water that occurred between the layers, or remains of plant life that had previously existed. Over a period of years, this substance converted into what is identified as oil, coal, commonly stated to as fossil fuels (Dale 2011). These are the main energy sources for the earth. They contribute more than ninety (90) percent of the energy exhausted worldwide (Botkin Keller 2011). The concern with this is they are finite. Coal, oil, and common gas are not renewable resources. These natural resources are being depleted at a disturbing rate for the most part, since the Industrial Revolution (McConnell Abel 2008). The abuse of these energy sources has placed the Earth’s populace ay a stage where we need to think of alternate energy sources. The using of the resources has made several known environmental problems for example air and water contamination, acid rain, and undoubtedly global warming. Coal oil and natural gas account for ninety (90) percent of the energy used by the global populace, they also accounted for seventy five (75) percent of the carbon discharges for the planet as well (Botkin and Keller 2011). The over-all adverse impacts from the abuse of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution and the beginning of climate change. Some scientist has stated that climate change is a natural global cycle. However, the ten hottest years on record happened in the 20th century. In 2005, a new record was set for worldwide temperature—the hottest year ever since the late 1800s. Since the mid-1970s, the normal worldwide temperature has climbed 0.2 °C for every decade. Global warming is occurring in particularly rapid at high latitudes predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere. Mainly because of the continued gr owths in anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the apparent warming is recognized to be the result of an â€Å"improved greenhouse impact† (Wright Boorse, 2011). Coal has the most harmful effect and long-term impacts on the earth eco system and human health. The extracting of coal leads to destruction the area, as well as nearby bodies of water. When coal has been extracted, rail and trucks typically transport it. These delivery systems have an effect on the atmosphere as well as the roadways. Nonetheless, as naturally worsening as it is to remove and transport coal, burning it for energy is maybe the most damaging. Coal is essentially carbon, and when burned it releases additional carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere (Dale 2011). Coal burning power plants releases other pollutants into the atmosphere besides C02, mercury as well as arsenic; both are harmful to human as well as the environment. Nearly all the energy we human use contains a number of environme ntal concerns; yet, fossil fuels will leave a much larger carbon footprint (Dale 2011). Essentially, there are major drawbacks when talking about the recovery and utilization of fossil fuels. While a few benefits may include economic success for a few countries and companies, the most important is what best for man and the planet. It is apparent for government to fund research of other means of energy to transfer from fossil fuel dependence to renewable energy sources. Global warming, diminishing of natural resources, as well as long term health risk of every human warrants an immediate re-action to curb the use of fossil fuels. The crucial steps we must take is planning a diverse agenda of energy sources with a mix of both fossil fuel as well alternative that someday replace fossil fuel. Scientific has established that there is a limited amount of natural resources left (McConnell Abel 2008). The human population exploded rapidly, so has the demand for more the natural resources. It took decades and thousands of pounds and gallon of use to realize that these resources could not sustain the demand and the damage these sources will do to the environment, and when these resources are depleted, there are gone for good. Sadly, what is an incomprehensible is these resources are being mine without any constraint or thought of the future consequences, sustainable choices for the future must be tended to or cataclysmic occasions will plague the planet (Dale 2011). Achieving sustainability will call for the more widespread exploitation of a variety of alternative energy sources and a lesser amount of dependence on fossil fuels. Renewable energy like wind, solar naturally recharged unlike fossil fuels, which are in limited supply. Renewable energy can provide the energy we need and perhaps reverse the situation we now face. Renewable energy has both minor scale and larger scale applications it brings about considerably lower emissions of greenhouse gases, less air poll ution, and lesser waste outputs in general. Although renewable energy sources it are in it earliest stages compared fossil fuel. In 2009, the United States acquired 8.2% of its total energy and 10.5% of its electricity from renewable sources (Dale 2011). Conferring to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as well as the Ontario Round Table on Environment and Economy, there are six managing standards for sustainable advancement (EPA 2012): †¢ Anticipation and avoidance of possible environmental degradation. Avoid pollution before it occurs. As we know, environmental degradation can occur naturally or thru neglect of human activities in some area there are major oil spills that results in loss of an local environment deforestation has destroyed countless of natural habitat †¢ Complete cost accounting. Natural resources air, land, water, soils, wilderness, forests and wildlife are the fundamental base of the entire economic activity. Nature is like a retail store that is perfectly willing to sell us the resources at cost price. However, what is the cost price? Like any business deal, the seller must not be worse off than before. For the withdrawal of any resource, the price must be at least that which reimburses nature for any damage done to her while consuming it. Using this principle in the entire areas will give economic incentives for clever resource usage. †¢ Informed choice-making creating (environment-economy coordination). Sustainable development needs the union of environmental and economic contemplations in decision-making. Documentation must be provided for the short and long-term outcomes of these decisions. In addition, the decision must be dependent upon sound data. In addition, the individuals who settle on economic must be liable for the environmental outcomes of those decisions. †¢ Living off the investment (doing superior with less). This statute treats the constrained natural resources as a feature of capital fortune. Such natural assets must be displaced as it is drained, or else be reused or recycled. If not, individuals will bankrupt themselves similarly as though they had used the greater part of their fiscal resources. †¢ Quality over amount. Making a sustainable society involve in transforming their way of life, state of mind, outlooks, behaviors and standards. An increasing awareness on excellence of economic development will bring about in smarter production and consumption patterns †¢ Admiration for nature and the privileges of forthcoming generations. The economy depends on not only on the continuous stream of resources as well as on the insurance and upgrade of ecosystems and habitats. The choice-making process must distinguish not only todays necessities, but also the necessities of future groups by assuring that a extended and adequate prospect is used in the assessment procedure (EPA, 2012). Achieving support for these rules will not be easy, and will undoubtedly be met with a number of oppositions. Nevertheless, to lessen the dependence on oil, coal and natural gas, it will require a global effort. Lessening the adverse effects of nonrenewable energies will pressure all nations to adopt groundbreaking energy procedures and penalties for exploitation. Having extreme consequences for not abiding by prompted policies will be the best way to pressure the worldwide population to join as one to preserve this planet. One cannot dialog about fossil fuels without speaking on the extreme environmental effects they have had on our planet. Global warming is a reality whether politician are will to admit or not and major piece of this discussion. Consistent with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA), the principal decade of the new millennium was the warmest ever documented. Climate change has turned into a constant concern and is not getting it the consideration as it should. Normally spring is consider a time for tornadoes but recently fall has taken that spot 12 tornadoes struck Nebraska and Iowa Oct. 4-5, 2013, causing millions of dollars of damage. These October storms underscore the fact that spring is not the only season for dangerous tornadoes. Global warming is attribute to more devastating flash floods ,Tropical Cyclones, Tornado, Tsunami, Wildfire, Drought, Hailstorm, Heat Wave, Hurricane, Epidemic, Notwithstanding to global warming, environmental disasters have gone to the lead of planetary problems for society to manage with (Dale 2011). On March 24, 1989, the oil tanker of Exxon Valdez bumped into the Bligh Reef, leaking about 11 million gallons (10.8) of oil rights within the sound (Oceana 2012). The leak hit in excess of one thousand three hundred (1300) miles over the coastline, it caused the death of hundreds of thousands of marine life, and cost an excess of three hundred million (300,000,000) dollars of financial damage to more than thirty two thousand (32,000) individuals whose lives depend on fishing (Oceana 2012). This data is significantly dreadful, however, compared with the amounts of oil and prices, a drop in the bucket in contrast with the most devastating oil slick on record for America (Walsh 2011). This might be clearly the BP greatest accident of April 20, 2010 the Deepwater Horizon oilrig explosion located in the Gulf of Mexico (BP 2013).Spurring millions of gallon of oil into the Gulf it was estimate that 100, 000 of gallon was being release daily There should not be any argument about situation the earth and its ecosystems is in at this moment because of man and their development in population and manufacturing/technology. In the event that population growth is not maintain, and man continue to deplete resources at an unsustainable rate, abnormal weather pattern will increase storms will intensify global warming will proceed to a point of no return. Man goal should be leaving less of a carbon footprint so we can leave this world a little better off than it was when we can. The only way is to through the decline of fossil fuel consumption and an aggressive approach on renewable energy; this should be the primary objective of the occupants of this world .To ensure this, society enjoy the beauty of natural all that dwell within it and give a promise of future generation that same opportunity. We must live a lifestyle that does not destroy the place we call home. The question remain are we will to make a sacrifice now for the ens uring of the future for our kids the decision lies with us. Addressing climate change is not an issue to which there is a scientific answer. Ethical issues are not beyond the scope of reason, and I attempt to examine different ideologies and tactics with a opinion to reaching a reasoned opinion about which principles and approach is vital towards finding common ground, to a sustainable future. References BP (2012, December 20). Deepwater Horizon Accident and Response. Retrieved from http://www.bp.com/ Botkin, D.B., Keller, E.A.(2011).Environmental Science: Earth is a Living Planet.(8thed).Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Dale, L. (2011). Environmental Policy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. McConnell, R. L., Abel, D. C., (2008). Environmental issues: An introduction to sustainability (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Oceana | Protecting the Worlds Oceans. (2012, March 20).Oceana. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/oil-pollution/learn-act/exxon-valdez-oil-spill-facts United States, EPA, Smart Growth. (2013, February 4). Creating Equitable, Healthy, and Sustainable Communities: Strategies for Advancing Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Equitable Development. Retrieved Walsh, B. (2011, April 21). The BP Oil Spill: Forgetting the Lessons of Drilling in the BP (2012, December 20). Deepwater Horizon Accident and Response. Retrieved from http://www.bp.com/ Botkin, D.B., Keller, E.A.(2011).Environmental Science: Earth is a Living Planet.(8thed).Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Dale, L. (2011). Environmental Policy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education. McConnell, R. L., Abel, D. C., (2008). Environmental issues: An introduction to sustainability (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Oceana | Protecting the Worlds Oceans. (2012, March 20).Oceana. Retrieved from http://oceana.org/en/our-work/stop-ocean-pollution/oil-pollution/learn-act/exxon-valdez-oil-spill-facts United States, EPA, Smart Growth. (2013, February 4). Creating Equitable, Healthy, and Sustainable Communities: Strategies for Advancing Smart Growth, Environmental Justice, and Equitable Development. Retrieved Walsh, B. (2011, April 21). The BP Oil Spill: Forgetting the Lessons of Drilling in the Gulf.TIME.com. Retrieved from http://science.time.com/ Wright, Richard T. Boorse, Dorothy F.(2011) Environmental science : Toward a sustainable future. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gulf.TIME.com. Retrieved from http://science.time.com/ Wright, Richard T. Boorse, Dorothy F.(2011) Environmental science : Toward a sustainable future. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.